Culture and Religion Free Essays

MODULE 10: CULTURE RELIGION FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE INTRODUCTION Culture shapes the manner in which we see the world. It in this manner has the ability to achieve the difference in mentalities expected to guarantee harmony and reasonable improvement which, we know, structure the main conceivable path forward for life on planet Earth. Today, that objective is as yet far off. We will compose a custom exposition test on Culture and Religion or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now A worldwide emergency faces humankind at the beginning of the 21st century, set apart by expanding destitution in our unbalanced world, ecological corruption and foolishness in strategy making. Culture is a pivotal key to settling this emergency. Source: Preface, World Culture Report, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 1999. Our social qualities, which regularly incorporate specific strict convictions, shape our method of living and acting on the planet. Module 11 on Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainability investigates the significance of indigenous qualities and otherworldliness in giving direction to economical living. Such standards and qualities energize a feeling of congruity between individuals, their common habitats and their profound characters. The standards for living economically that stream from these and other social and strict convictions fluctuate among gatherings and nations. They have likewise changed after some time as conditions request. Regardless of this decent variety, numerous standards for living economically are shared, among indigenous people groups, yet in addition between various strict customs. This module investigates the job of culture and religion in giving direction on methods of living economically. It additionally gives exercises which investigate the spot of these subjects in the school educational plan. Destinations †¢ To build up a comprehension of the connection between culture, religion and economical living; †¢ To investigate the standards for reasonable living empowered in a picked religion and for a situation concentrate from Nepal; To break down the pertinence and materialness of standards of practical living in the Nepal contextual investigation; and †¢ To energize reflection on the commitment of strict instruction in Education for Sustainable Development. Exercises 1. Characterizing religion and culture 2. Qual ities and standards 3. A contextual analysis: Annapurna, Nepal 4. Culture and improvement 5. Reflection REFERENCES Bassett, L. (ed) (2000) Earth and Faith: A Book of Reflection for Action, UNEP. Gardner, G. (2002) Invoking the Spirit: Religion and Spirituality in the Quest for a Sustainable World, Worldwatch Paper No. 164, Worldwatch Institute. Robinson, M. nd Picard, D. (2006) Tourism, Culture and Sustainable Development, Division of Cultural Policies and Intercultural Dialog, UNESCO. Schech, S. furthermore, Haggis, J. (2000) Culture and advancement: a basic presentation, Wiley-Blackwell. Throsby, D. (2008) Culture in Sustainable Development: Insights for the future execution of Article 13 (Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diveristy of Cultural Expressions), UNESCO. UNESCO (2000) World Culture Report, UNESCO Publishing, Paris. UNESCO (2009) UNESCO World Report 2: Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialog, UNESCO Publishing. World Commission on Culture and Development (1995) Our Creative Diversity, UNESCO Publishing, Paris. World Religions and Ecology Series by Harvard University Press. Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim, arrangement editors. †¢ Buddhism †Tucker, M. E. also, Williams, D. R. (eds) (1997) †¢ Christianity †Hessel, D. what's more, Ruether, R. R. (eds) (2000) †¢ Confucianism †Tucker, M. E. furthermore, Berthrong, J. (eds) (1998) †¢ Daoism †Girardot, N. J. , Xiaogan, L. what's more, Miller, J. (eds) (2001) †¢ Hinduism †Chapple, C. K. also, Tucker, M. E. (eds) (2000) †¢ Indigenous Traditions †Grim, J. (ed) (2001) †¢ Islam †Foltz, R. , Denny, F. also, Baharuddin, A. eds) (2003) †¢ Jainism †Chapple, C. K. (ed) (2002) †¢ Judaism †Tirosh-Samuelson, H. (ed) (2002) †¢ Shinto †Bernard, R. (ed) (2004) CREDITS This module was composed for UNESCO by John Fien utilizing materials and exercises created by Hila ry Macleod and Hum Gurung in Teaching for a Sustainable World (UNESCO †UNEP International Environmental Education Program). Movement 1: DEFINING RELIGION AND CULTURE RELIGION, VALUES, CULTURE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The World Commission on Culture and Development characterized culture as ‘ways of living together’ and contended this made culture a center component of manageable turn of events. Practically the entirety of the grave dangers going up against human and planetary endurance begin in human activities. In any case, much tight intuition on manageable improvement has concentrated only on the connections of individuals to the common habitat †without considering the individuals to-individuals connections that lie at the center of a reasonable society. Satisfying today’s human needs while safeguarding and securing the common habitat for people in the future requires impartial and amicable communications among people and networks. Creating social qualities that help these individuals to-individuals and individuals to-nature esteems has generally been the job of religion in many social orders. Religion is a significant impact on the planet today. It appears that individuals in all societies have an allowance of faith based expectations that go past both oneself and the normal world. We utilize these convictions to help clarify explanations behind human presence and to manage individual connections and conduct. Some portion of the incredible assorted variety of mankind is the a wide range of religions and conviction frameworks we have created †Animism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Taoism, and some more. Strict convictions affect the way of life of a network. In reality, for some individuals around the globe, strict convictions are fundamental to their way of life and give the ethical codes by which they live. Indeed, even where individuals in the contemporary world accept that the conventional convictions of their folks and social orders are not all that pertinent to their regular daily existences, fundamental strict convictions about human worth and how to identify with others and the Earth are as yet significant pieces of their lives. HOW DOES CULTURE INFLUENCE OUR LIVES? Numerous meanings of culture allude to specific qualities and convictions. Different implications allude to the regular day to day existence and conduct of individuals that stream from these convictions. Others are progressively broad and allude to show-stoppers. Culture is, in this way, an inseparable piece of the perplexing idea of supportability. It very well may be viewed as a judge in the troublesome exchange offs between clashing finishes concerning advancement objectives. As called attention to in the report of the World Commission on Culture and Development set up mutually by UNESCO and the United Nations, culture isn't just the â€Å"servant of closures however (†¦) the social premise of the finishes themselves†, a factor of advancement yet in addition the â€Å"fountain of our advancement and creativity†. Source: UNESCO (1997) Educating for a Sustainable Future: A Transdisciplinary Vision for Concerted Action, passage 112. Every one of these implications or parts of culture impact our perspectives and the manners by which we see our associations with the Earth and one another. Subsequently, these parts of culture influence various implications of what it may intend to live reasonably. Culture is a significant idea in Education for Sustainable Development. This is on the grounds that the regular social models in numerous social orders frequently don't empower reasonable advancement †and what is required are new, or re-found, standards and qualities that can manage our activities towards maintainable methods of thinking about others and the characteristic world. Accomplishing supportability †¦ should be inspired by a move in values †¦ Without change of this sort, even the most edified enactment, the cleanest innovation, the most modern exploration won't prevail with regards to guiding society towards the drawn out objective of maintainability. Training in the broadest sense will by need assume a urgent job in realizing the profound change required in both unmistakable and non-substantial ways. Source: UNESCO (1997) Educating for a Sustainable Future: A Transdisciplinary Vision for Concerted Action, passage 103. Movement 2: VALUES AND PRINCIPLES Despite the assortment of religions and societies around the globe, all offer regular convictions about the need to think about others and the indigenous habitat. Such convictions are basic to a supportable future. The world’s three significant protection bunches †the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) †have recognized a scope of culturally diverse qualities that could underlie a ‘ethic for maintainable living’. These qualities give rules that can control human associations with one another (social value, harmony and vote based system) and with nature (preservation and suitable turn of events), and include: |Social Justice Values: |Conservation Values: | |PEOPLE AND PEOPLE AND NATURE | |Meeting fundamental human needs |Respecting the reliance of all things | |Ensuring intergenerational value |Conserving biodiversity | |Respecting human rights |Living gently on the Earth | |Practising popular government |Respecting interspecies value | Identify the qualities or implications basic these standards. These qualities are like the standards and morals in the Earth Charter broke down in Module 2. These standards reflect values that are regular in numerous religions and societies. In any case, it isn't the main conceivable one. For instance, the individuals in The Monk’s Story in Module 21 arranged the advancement of their town in south-west Sri Lanka around six standards for living economically that are steady with their Buddhist religion and th

What Google Hummingbird Does to Your Current SEO Efforts

by Constant Content Nothing makes SEO experts and website admins flinch quicker than the expression â€Å"Google dispatches new calculation changes.† These people invest most of their energy making substance and planning sites that will pull in the most consideration via web search tool calculations, ideally landing them higher on web search tool results pages (SERPs). Arriving at the top, or at any rate on the main outcomes page, is the situation in SEO. On the off chance that your site isn’t noticeable, it isn’t getting sees and the estimation of any substance contained inside decreases. So when Google declared before the end of last week that it had discharged its greatest calculation change in very nearly 12 years, named Google Hummingbird, the SEO people group held its breath once more. SEOs and website admins have confronted various difficulties as of late as Google’s Panda and Penguin updates to internet searcher innovation have gone live. Further updates and moves up to these projects have abandoned a few sites and constrained an adjustment in technique from SEOs. The inquiry presently becomes, what effect will Google Hummingbird have on SEO procedures? Hummingbird Details As is regular of a change from Google, there are not many top to bottom subtleties accessible with respect to Hummingbird. In any case, that doesn’t mean no subtleties are known as of now. It has been noted on a few sites (JavaWorld and TechCrunch) that the progressions with Hummingbird are less about SEO and progressively about how questions are handled by Google’s calculations. Previously, when a client entered a hunt inquiry on Google the calculations would process every individual word in a question so as to locate the most ideal outcomes for the term or expression. Hummingbird will currently permit the Google motor to think about all the words in an expression or question as a mind boggling gathering and give the best outcomes dependent on the whole gathering of words. Hummingbird and SEO Notwithstanding the now instilled response of all SEOs to any Google refreshes, website admins can have confidence that Hummingbird isn’t expected to hugy affect SEO procedures. First of all, Google declared Hummingbird a week ago, however the new calculation has really been set up for in any event a month. This implies in the event that it was going to affect any site page standings in SERPs, it would have been seen at this point. Google declared that the calculation change impacts around 90% of searches, yet authorities at the organization rushed to stress that SEO strategies shouldn’t truly need to change. That is, obviously, accepting that most SEOs have changed in accordance with the Penguin and Panda updates of the previous scarcely any years. For whatever length of time that SEOs and website admins keep on concentrating on one of a kind, top notch content on their pages alongside solid, applicable backlinks from reliable sources then there won’t be a negative effect from Hummingbird. Indeed, it’s been called attention to that those utilizing these strategies will probably encounter a lift from Hummingbird as it will process results quicker and all the more precisely, just as better recognizing the worth that your substance gives to more focused on search questions.

Halliburton Essays

Halliburton Essays Halliburton Essay Halliburton Essay The organization has experienced some negative exposure for practicing creating sketchy strategic approaches that have Impacted the American sprayer. In this paper I will assess Hallucinations arranging draws near, examine the impact of their corporate structure and their administration activities. As indicated by the Hallucination site (2009), the organization comprises of two divisions: Drilling and Evaluation and Completion/Production. Penetrating and Evaluation give its clients a variety of administrations that include: Abroad liquid administrations, Sperry boring administrations, security boring apparatus, Hireling and Perforating administrations and Landmark and Project the board. Then again, the culmination and creation dolls ancestress on conveying creation upgrade administrations, for example, solidifying, mediation and finish administrations. With such a large number of obligations, Hallucinations the board style and activities must be socially mindful and expertly lined up with its strategic. With the goal for Hallucination to be fruitful, the organization must have successful arranging systems that work. Mental trips key to compelling arranging lies on their capacity to protect their workers, utilizing its kin as indicated by their abilities and creating advances and money related Initiatives that carry certainty to Its clients. Moreover, Hallucinations arranging activities get from a few activity execution activities. These include: the done right record, client cost of low quality, and client non-beneficial time programs. With these governing rules, Hallucinations extreme objective Is to furnish Its workers and clients with zero wellbeing, security condition occurrences, zero expense of low quality and magnificent consumer loyalty. Furthermore, so as to meet long haul objectives, the organization has a governing body that are liable for looking into long haul vital and marketable strategies every year. : Mental trip requires executives, workers and operators to watch elevated expectations of 1 OFF Dustless Ana individual precepts In ten lead AT principle outlets Ana obligations e organization accepts that representatives must have a high level of etiquette and ought not take unjustifiable favorable circumstances, through control, covering, maltreatment of special data, distortion of material realities or other unreasonable managing rehearses. To accomplish these activities, the organization has built up rules covering territories, for example, legitimate, morals and corporate social duty. In any case, regardless of the Meanys vision and business activities, the organization experiences confronted some legitimate difficulties. One lawful difficulty that the organization has confronted occurred in September 2001. During this time the organization was confronted with a claim and was requested to pay speculators one hundred thirty million dollars for deceiving financial specialists in regards to the companys stock execution. It is obvious this influenced the administration arranging by decreasing the money related quality of the organization. The site for morals in business (2009), specifies that another issue that has influenced Hallucination is their moral practice guidelines. In the early backtalk the organization was seen as disregarding government exchange boundaries Iraq and Libya by selling the two nations double use oil penetrating hardware and sending six heartbeat neutron generators to Libya. This activity drove the organization to concede and requested to pay $1. 2 million dollars with another $2. 6 million in punishments. As to corporate social obligation, Hallucination is a genuine case of corporate covetousness. Mind flights movement of its central command to Dub while keeping up a corporate office in Houston is socially reckless. This move is unmistakably an affront to each American citizen who have paid for the companys no-offer agreements and persevered through their cheating practices consistently. Whats significantly all the more disturbing is the way that during the Bush organization, Hallucination was blamed for cheating and temporary worker squander adding up to $2. 7 billion dollars. Flippancy, for example, this one influences the companys the executives arranging methodologies since it no longer controls its advantages and looses its honesty. In my psyche, a portion of the components that impact the strategic, operational, and interagency arranging of Hallucination are their absence of initiative, morals and control. The organization has experienced such a significant number of moral issues going from packing citizens by $169 million dollars to rehearsing human dealing in Iraq. One method of remedying this inadequacy is by first enrolling gifted individuals with uprightness and authority abilities that will demonstration in view of the companys wellbeing. Also, Hallucination should actualize a procedure that takes into account moral governing rules so as to maintain a strategic distance from poor dynamic in this way forestalling exorbitant lawful issues. Third, there must be compelling inward controls executed. The organization must act morally in their business choices as well as ought to be monetarily capable. On the off chance that the organization makes these three straightforward strides and actualizes the four variables of the board: arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling it will pick up the certainty of its investors. It is obvious that this organization needs to commit once again themselves to their strategic the prosperity of their clients by rehearsing moral and straightforward business decides that will profit the companys by and large objective. Doing so will moving request to principle vital, strategic, operational Ana possibility arranging wanly will at last carry accomplishment to the organization. All things being equal, in spite of Hallucinations arrangements with respect to moral and corporate social duty gauges, the organization must commit once again themselves to the four variables of the executives. Their promise to the oil and gas business ought to be one without insatiability. Rather, it ought to be one that pays special mind to everybody required by acting morally right.

How Alcohol Started To Become Popular Among Native Americans - 550 Words

How Alcohol Started To Become Popular Among Native Americans (Coursework Sample) Content: Alcohol Consumption in American History Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Part 1 The economic and political factor was important to the development of drinking pattern in the American history. Alcohol became a better trading merchandise due to several factors. It was easily portable, it was durable, and was in high demand unlike other goods such as metals and mirrors. Its need in the trading arena led to its exposure to more people who started using it. Native Americans particularly used alcohol during land negotiations to close deals to such meetings. Drinking patterns differ across the different American groups due to several reasons. For the Hispanic communities, it is of high prevalence attributed to the hard conditions for their survival. They drink a lot to avoid getting into trouble with the law. Native Americans are average users of alcohol since it is mainly meant for luxury purposes and not all people have luxury time. Each group either culturally or religious groups use alcohol for different purposes. For example, religion discourages drinking and most religious people drink rarely. In some cultures, it is recommended as a medicine and thus individuals drink to avoid exposure to diseases (Fish, Osberg, Syed, 2017). These factors play a lot when it comes to social and political response to drinking in the American society. Socially, there are a lot of meetings, social gatherings, and other get together (Kuntsche et al., 2015). Each of these events always has alcohol in good quantities to celebrate and keep such gatherings alive. Similarly, political meetings can be said to enhance drinking patterns. Politicians themselves control all it takes to manage the drinking patterns across the U.S. However, it is a pattern which cannot be controlled due to the rising and demand for alcohol consumption. Part 2 Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration increased the attitudes towards alcohol use in the U.S. With modern technology, the ability to develop tastier and appealing alcohol contents made it possible for more people to try alcohol. Same way, urbanization, and immigration brought people together who were exposed to alcohol for at least their first time. Trying this new thing which is addictive possibly led to good gestures that alcohol was good and more people started to drink. Modern technologies increase the danger associated with drinking for both men and women. Excessive use of alcohol is harmful to people. Technological advancements like in the transport sector which has led to the manufacture of cars have seen deaths from drunk drivers. Equally, some productions have gone wrong in different industrial areas due to workers under influence of alcohol. There are more severe problems which can be medically attributed to drinking alcohol (Vaeth, Wang†Schweig Caetano, 2017). Between 1890 and 1990, there was a change over women's drinking concern. Initially, women were not allowed to drink like men (Dawson et al., 2015). This was especially since alcohol was associated with masculinity. It was a gender concern that only men could drink as male dominance was a part of the play from this ea...

Echoing Footsteps Rape, Victims, Survivors, and What We...

Echoing Footsteps: Rape, Victims, Survivors, and What We Can Do Rape is devastating to its victims. I feel as if this statement should stand alone, underlined and in bold typeface. It is crucial that we, as a society, come to a deep understanding and awareness of this message. For that reason, I will state it again: Rape is devastating to its victims. Thirty percent of rape victims will contemplate suicide. Slightly more will seek therapy. Slightly less will invest in some form of self-defense. The overwhelming majority, 82%, will tell you that their lives have been permanently changed. The way they view men will be permanently changed as well (Warshaw 66). Forty-one percent of victims go through life†¦show more content†¦We can help. We can find out what victims’ legal options are, and if we act together, we can improve those options. We can support local shelters and hotlines. We can support our loved ones should they be hurt, directly or indirectly, by this crime. We can disseminate the truth so that no one can claim ignorance of the fact that rape is devastating. So what is the truth about rape? In 1996, 362 rapes were reported in Tucson, Arizona. Three times that, 974 rapes were reported in the state of Arizona during that time period (Koss 1). Government estimates find that three to ten rapes are committed for every one reported (Warshaw 12). That means almost 10,000 women were raped in Arizona in one year. Evidence obtained by crisis hotlines and outreach programs suggests that these figures are extremely low. Moreover, 84% of these victims knew and trusted their attackers (Koss 6). Have I got your attention? Destroy your preconceptions and social myths. Women are not raped by strangers. No one deserves to be raped. No one. Nothing you say or do can be considered â€Å"asking for it.† No means no, even when you are wearing your sexiest clothes, drinking, kissing, or being a flirt. Once you have said no, it is rape. Even if you find yourself paralyzed, even if you do not fight back, it is still rape. It is not your fault, and you do not need to feel guilty for not fighting back. A rapist is a rapist, whether he/she has a gun, a knife

Evolution Is The Process Of Inheriting Traits Through Dna...

Evolution is not just a story about where we came from, but an epic at the center of life itself. Evolution is the process of inheriting traits through DNA over successful generations. Charles Darwin, a naturalist and geologist synthesized a theory later known as Darwinism, which explains that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce (Darwin, 1859). Humans have evolved over a period of almost 1.5 millions of years with creation, development and destruction of many characteristics. But how did humans look thousands of years ago, how would we look thousand years from now and how did early humans†¦show more content†¦It is a well known fact that humans evolved from apes of Africa and what sets us apart from them is the size of the brain. But further analysis proved that it was not just the brain size but a series of adaptive selection processe s over thousands of years that set us apart. The lingering question that existed for a long time was how do apes exist till date if humans have evolved from them? Dr. Ward explains that humans did not evolve from apes, but the apes and humans have a common prehistoric ancestor, the Great African Ape that is extinct now. After a single evolution chain starting from the Great Ape, a series of adaptive gene selections took place that forked the single evolution chain into two: the apes species and the hominin species. Hominins are the first ancestors to the homo species of which humans or homo sapiens are the latest evolution stage. Ward (2003) further suggests that studying the evolution process helps us understand human behavior and physical features today and also predict human behavior and physical characteristics in the future. This school of thought is further fueled by Dr. John Glad an American academic who specializes in the literature and politics of exile during the world war II and Nazism, has used the concept of Darwinism to explain how the future world of humans is going to be like, in the article (an extract from the book of the very same name), The future of human evolution. Fearing the survival of

Human Capital Management Effects of Globalisation with Examples

Question: Disccuss about the Effects of the Growing Influence of a Global Labour Market on the HRM. Answer: A labor market is described as the place where employees and employers interact with each other. The employers mostly hire the best whereas; the workers compete for the best satisfying job in the labor market. Employers as well as job seekers are brought jointly for probable matches with the help of recruitment and job search activities that help both parties obtain information about each other. The decisive role of information in the labor market has been identified since the year 1962, however; despite a voluminous literature on job matching as well as organizational behavior in the labor markets, there are less known facts about recruitment strategies of the employers (Osterman 2014). One of the major reasons how labor market affects human resource planning is the traits of labor demand and supply. In an economy, a labor market operates with both demand and supply of labor. In the post-war period, the UK labor market has witnessed several changes due to changes in the economy. Thi s in turn led to diminishing in manufacturing jobs as well as increase in the service sector. The essay provides a clear insight about the changes in the labor in both Apple Inc and Microsoft Corporation and the way by which these companies devise their recruitment, selection and reward policies due to the changes. Apple is an American conglomerate that is headquartered in California. Apple is considered as the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer of the world and is the first US based company that is valued over US$700 billion (Ledenyov and Ledenyov 2015). Microsoft is a multinational conglomerate situated in America that mostly develops, produces and licenses a broad range of commodities as well as services. These commodities and services are mostly associated to computing with the help of its several product divisions. The Company was established in the year 1975 in order to develop as well as sell BASIC interpreters. Later Microsoft that was followed by Microsoft Windows line of operating systems mostly dominated the home computer operating system (Chatterjee 2016). Cross border merger and acquisition illustrates a deal between overseas companies as well as domestic firms in the target country. The trend of augmenting cross border MA has increased speed with the globalization of the world economy. Cross-border mergers and acquisition are considered as a big segment of the corporate economical world. The best way to analyze MA strategy of Apple, it is imperative to look at the acquisition activity of the company. Cross border merger acquisitions are all changing the management of organizations across the globe. Moreover, several factors are there, which are influencing the increasing ratio of cross border merger acquisitions. Increasing the efficiency of the Company to produce better services, using the changing technology to enhance the operation level, increasing the production level are some of the reasons that are influencing cross border merger acquisitions (Cartwright and Cooper 2012). Irrespective of the organizations that are across th e globe, most of them are involved in a continuous cross border merger acquisition process. Being a multinational conglomerate, Apple Inc. is well recognized for its design as well as marketing of electronic goods. The most common hardware products that are manufactured by Apple include personal computers and consumer electronics that are mostly famous by the name iPods, iPads and iPhone. It is imperative for an individual to hold a university episode in order to qualify to work in the Apple Company. This requires to be accompanied with a high profile documentation due to increased competition (Jun and Sung Park 2013). However, a large pool of workers are drawn from the United Kingdom, since the Company is UK based, because of the presence of subsidiary companies all over the world in several overseas countries. At present, Apple holds more than 46,000 workers who work under full-time circumstances as well as 2800 employees who mostly work on the worldwide basis. At the end of the financial year 2009, Apple registered yearly sales of $42.91 billion and the Company gained au gmented favor by customers in its commodities as well as in the electronics industry. Since its commencement, the Company has employed more than 75,000 employees across the world most of whom are located in the United Kingdom. Recruiters mostly play an imperative role to manage as well as affect the job choices that are made by the applicants. The economic downturn in the year 2008-2009 led to heavy reduction in productivity in the manufacturing sector of Apple Inc. The change in the labor market had a large impact on the recruitment, selection and reward policies of the Company. The change in the labor market led to fairly steady however; slow productivity growth that coincides with a sharp decrease in jobs (Hausman and Johnston 2014). In the year 1997, a cross-border merger and acquisition was formed between Apple Inc. and NeXT Software. They declared that they would merge their technologies. However, Apple faced bottomless problems due to hardware sales that were destitute. Apple continued to face increasing monetary problems due to the merge that resulted in the investment of huge amount of dollars. On the other hand, NeXT also faced several problems and it also did not have an easy era. The extension of OPENSTEP working system was almost stopped. The scale of cross-border mergers as well as acquisition had augmented rapidly in current years. The UK is more involved in this procedure as compared to any other EU countries (Chaston 2017). Apple has purchased more firms abroad as compared to any other nationality. In current years, the scale of mergers and acquisition at the global level has risen to unparalleled heights. It is quite common in the global marketplace of Apple Inc. It is considered as the method by w hich both technologies and commodities are acquired by Apple. However, it does not facilitate long-term adjustments for the Company. With the cross-border merge, the Company mostly faces usual instances of joblessness. In such cases, joblessness can lead to dismiss that might also lead shifting roles of the workers. As a result, laid-off employees are impacted by inequalities between skills that are supplied by employees. Although, lay-offs cannot be avoided, it is imperative to reduce uncertainty amongst workers. This in turn alters the way by which Apple follows recruitment and selection procedure as the Company provides separation package to those laid-off employees. The remaining workers in turn are provided with clear documentation on their role within the organization (Alimov 2015). The workers are also provided with an enhancement policy that helps to adjust to succeeding changes. The change in the labor market due to cross-border mergers also changes the procedures and practices as per which the major focus is given on training. In other words, all workers are made aware about the new procedures as well as policies that take place from the merger. This requires a training plan that includes making workers recognizable with everything all the way up to technology proposals. In this case, that has been provided by Apple includes one-on-one training seminars with a trainer (Luu 2016). Due to change in the labor market, the culture of the Company is bound to be impacted that is likely to have an impact on the workers self-esteem negatively. This uncertainty is likely to lead good workers to seek employment with the competitors of Apple. However, the remaining employees are likely to take on an unenthusiastic attitude. As a result, it is imperative for the Company to communicate with the workers openly as much as possible and to provide clear mission and vision to them. It is imperative to map out the changes that are likely to take place in a clear way to keep them informed. At this point, Apple also requires to increase motivation as cross-border merger are likely to lead to difficulties (Oldford and Otchere 2016). It will also have to set aside time for workers if they desire to converse apprehension as well as issues with the new merger. This is mostly because; open conversation helps to prevent confusion about roles and responsibilities. The Company also requir es recognizing and rewarding workers for their responsibilities as well as roles in managing change. However, rewards do not have to be in the form of bonuses but it can be small gifts that will act as recognition. In the year 2014, Apple had also formed cross-border merger and acquisition with two California based companies where they formed a $3 billion acquisition of Beats. This amount was 6 times as large as the second-highest price paid for NeXT Software. As a result, the HR department of Apple started hiring Beats workers who are involved in creativity and expansion roles. As a result, most of the employees who are not a part of Beats are laid-off. On the other hand, Apple has set up a phone hotline for Beats workers to connect with the HR department of Apple to discuss about the changeover policy as well as severance packages (Cartwright and Cooper 2014). Beats represents almost 40 percent of the overall expenditure on MA over the last two decades. The flexibility of the labor marketed mostly imperative for the success of acquisition since acquiring firms often reorganize targets to minimize costs of labor as well as maximize synergies. The huge amount of investment led to reduction of worker turnover. In other words, during this period Apple witnessed a significant turnover that led to excess costs in their operation. This was mostly due to the salaries paid to the individuals who were engaged in the recruitment as well as selection of new employees. As a result, Apple switched to maintenance of stable employee core by cost cutting. The labor market of the Company also changed over the past two decades as a training was provided to laid-off workers that did not affect the ability to deliver goods or services to the targeted customers. The labor market also changed as Apple had cut costs by altering their hours of operation. In other words, they opted for a four-day, 9-hour per day workweek from a standard five-day, seven-hour workday in return for a subordinate wage (Chakrabarti, Hsieh and Chang 2017). The MA strategy of Apple had changed over the past few years, as the key difference is that the management has aug mented MA pace. Between the years 2013-2015, Apple had acquired several companies as compared to the previous 16 years. The total amount that had been spent by Apple on MA accounts for more than 70 percent of the overall amount spent on MA since the year 1997 (Clark and Mills 2013). The Microsoft Corporation has a significant number of acquisitions under their belt. The acquisition of Cooper Peters in the year 1997 is one of those examples that illustrate the acquisition policy of the Microsoft Corporation. Moreover, the Company believes in acquiring smaller and bigger companies to enhance its local presence and area of expertise (Microsoft IT Showcase, 2017). Merger acquisition processes are producing a resonant effect on the labor market across the globe. Nevertheless, the desire to expand the business operation is all compelling the organizations in going for the merger the acquisitions process (Cooper and Finkelstein 2014). Cross border merger acquisition are producing some effective changes on the organizations across the globe such as employment creation, technology enhancement, financial growth and many more (Morresi and Pezzi 2014). For an example, the acquisition of the Cooper Peters Company by the Microsoft Corporation was to enhance the programming expertise of the Company. Nevertheless, cross border merger acquisition do also bring different culture of people under one organization. This is where the problem arises concerning the supply and demand of labor market. A changed phase of labor market might give place to some management related faults in organizations (Reis, Ferreira and Santos 2013). Moreover, this is exactly w hat has happened with the Microsoft Corporation. The higher rate of attrition of tenured employees because of hard strict rules of its management has all left the Company with no solid solution for this. Nevertheless, finding an appropriate replacement for some of the tenured employees of Microsoft that had left the organization is not an easy task. Further, it might take a significant amount of time to fill the gaps created by the exclusion of such tenured employees from the organization (Stroup 2012). The Microsoft Corporation is seriously concerned about the attrition that has affected the management. The management is under a significant pressure, as they have no clues on how to fill the gaps. The performance centric nature of its management has probably compelled them for going rude over its employees to assure a hundred percent success rates (Vermeylen and Velde 2012). Nonetheless, the fresh graduates are also hesitating in opting Microsoft as their prime choice for the job because of the image of it as an incapable organization in handling its employees appropriately. Moreover, the fresh graduates are now inclining to those organizations, which are not as powerful as the Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft IT Showcase, 2017). The strict leadership quality is their other problem, which indeed is because of their principles of working (Warter and Warter 2014). Moreover, the desire to become a global leader in the software hardware industry has probably compelled them for going this way. Further, they have provided no place to any sort of performance related failure. For all such reasons, a huge attrition of tenured employees did take place in the organization. Nevertheless, the fresh graduates are also hesitating in choosing the Microsoft Corporation as their primary choice for the job. They rather looked for some lesser organization, which could provide a home like experience at the workplace. The not so friendly atmosphere of the Microsoft Corporation reduced a healthy drive of fresh graduates (Yesilyurt 2012). The issue that took place in the Microsoft Corporation with the attrition of various tenured employees does require some quick remedial actions. Nevertheless, the Microsoft Company responded to the created urgency and started searching for some effective solutions that could better its relationships with employees. They came up with some effective solutions to fill the gaps created by the attrition of tenured employees such as to improve the communication in between the HR and the employees, to enhance the level of employee benefits and to improve the appraisal system. The CEO Steve Ballmer took some necessary steps to improve the communication in between the HR and the employees to regain the faith of employees over the organization. Moreover, under this system, employees would now have all the liabilities to discuss its problems with the HR department. Nevertheless, the HR would listen to employees and would take required action for that. Indeed, this is a good move by the Microsoft Company, as this would help in restoring the lost faiths of employees and its aspirants (Microsoft IT Showcase, 2017). Ballmer introduced some changes in its list of benefits given to employees such as health benefits, food availability, transportation and many more. These all benefits collectively can do wonder in favor of employees and can really change their mindset for quitting the job and joining the rival companies. However, all the introduced benefits need to be addressed properly to bring the desired outcome, which indeed would put some significant pressure on the management (Stroup 2012). Nevertheless, retaining the employees by introducing some extra benefits do require a significant management look out for this. The introduction of commitment ring in place of the existing forced ranking system does represent another significant change brought by Ballmer. Determining the eligible employees for the incentives based on forced ranking system was a biased process (Yesilyurt 2012). However, in the commitment ring, all employees would get fair enough chances to get incentives. This could help in regaining the lost faith of employees on the organization by providing a fair performance evaluation process that never existed. The forced ranking system did also bring some criticism for the organization from the Black American employees who even filed lawsuits against Microsoft (Yesilyurt 2012). A cross-border merger and acquisition has also been formed between Microsoft and Nokia, where Nokia is considered as a Finnish conglomerate communication as well as corporation that are engrossed in the manufacture of mobile devices. Microsoft has always resisted in the mobile space. The Company was early to the game with Windows CE as well as Windows Mobile. The success of iPhone was followed by the introduction of Windows Phone by Nokia that deserted much of the legacy (Yeung and Coe 2015). Microsoft in turn required hardware partners of OEM who were unwilling to take on the risk of an unverified software platform when they are already taking pleasure in success with Android. However, Nokia made some inspiring Windows Phones during its partnership with Microsoft however; it was not able to bring itself back to profitability. Most of the analysts had also questioned about the fact that Microsoft simply did not contract manufactured the phones. However, more than 20,000 jobs at Micro soft has been reduced with the completion of the restructure. In the year 2016, Microsoft had announced some remarkable acquisition that comprised Xamarin as well as Swiftkey in order to pursue its mobile-first. Microsoft is rapidly acquiring companies in the world that is leading to change in the labor market. This has combined communication spaces in order to find several avenues of revenue expansion (Brueller, Carmeli and Drori 2014). The cross-border merger and acquisition of Microsoft has been mostly characterized by constancy in lowest recruitment as well as dismissal rates. This in turn appears to strengthen several skilled personnel. However, there is a high rate of unqualified labor among new employees, and half of the recently employed workers work on the basis of elastic forms of employment. The total augment in employment recorded the lowest rates that have been accompanied with larger use of recruitment as well as subordinate use of dismissals (Lin, Officer and Shen 2014). It can be concluded that Apple requires to look for the eventual win-win scenario. In other words, while considering a business move as imperative as a merger, it is required to look for a win-win circumstance. While building the superlative scenario, it is imperative to determine whether it would be better to keep the companies operating as a different unit or incorporate them under a single umbrella. One of the major difficult characteristics of merger and acquisition is that of economizing. Apple requires to restructure lay-offs due to overlapping of management roles. Apple was able to keep hold of as well as integrate decisive players of Beats into the iTunes team under the Apple-Beats contract. The requirement to incorporate two diverse corporate cultures is often ignored that had led to challenges on the other side of the financial merger. While merging and acquiring, it is imperative to remember that the incorporation is likely to take more time than predictable. It can also b e concluded that cross-border mergers and acquisition plays a major part of universal foreign direct investment activities. MA strategies are often used as a way to gain entry into a foreign market that helps to get engrossed in a dynamic learning procedure. The MA strategies are mostly accompanied by several changes in the total rate of unemployment of the Company. The reduction in the overall number of workers is mostly considered as the development of MA strategies. This is however, followed by a period of constancy as well as augment in unemployment. However, the changes in the labor market due to merger and acquisition mostly affects the workers with clerical employees being particularly hard hit in this regard. The reduction of several unskilled employees is not considered as a priority. References Alimov, A., 2015. Labor market regulations and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(8), pp.984-1009. Brueller, N.N., Carmeli, A. and Drori, I., 2014. How do different types of mergers and acquisitions facilitate strategic agility?. 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